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Ñòóäåíòàì > Äèïëîìíûå ðàáîòû > Ñòðóêòóðíàÿ ñõåìà ÝÂÌ

Ñòðóêòóðíàÿ ñõåìà ÝÂÌ

Ñòðàíèöà: 1/12

ÎÃËÀÂËÅÍÈÅ

 

1. ÑÒÐÓÊÒÓÐÍÀß ÑÕÅÌÀ ÝÂÌ. ÏÎÊÎËÅÍÈß ÝÂÌ                                         3

2. ÑÈÑÒÅÌÛ Ñ×ÈÑËÅÍÈß.                                                                            4

3. ÀÐÈÔÌÅÒÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÄÅÉÑÒÂÈß ÍÀÄ  ÄÂÎÈ×ÍÛÌÈ ×ÈÑËÀÌÈ                6

   3.1 Âû÷èòàíèå ñ ïðèìåíåíèåì îáðàòíîãî êîäà.                                            6

   3.2 Îáðàçîâàíèå äîïîëíèòåëüíîãî êîäà.                                                      7

4. ÓÇËÛ ÝÂÌ.                                                                                                 7

5. ÑÓÌÌÀÒÎР                                                                                                8

6. ÏÎÑËÅÄÎÂÀÒÅËÜÍÛÉ ÑÓÌÌÀÒÎР                                                           9

7. ÀÐÈÔÌÅÒÈÊÎ - ËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÎÅ ÓÑÒÐÎÉÑÒÂÎ (ÀËÓ)                                 10

8. ÄÅØÈÔÐÀÒÎР                                                                                         12

9.   ÏÐÅÎÁÐÀÇÎÂÀÒÅËÈ Ñ ÖÈÔÐÎÂÎÉ ÈÍÄÈÊÀÖÈÅÉ                               14

10. ÏÐÅÎÁÐÀÇÎÂÀÒÅËÜ ÊÎÄÀ 8421 Â 2421                                                  15

11. ÏÐÎÃÐÀÌÌÈÐÓÅÌÀß ËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÌÀÒÐÈÖÀ (ÏËÌ)                           16

12. ÍÀÊÀÏËÈÂÀÞÙÈÉ ÑÓÌÌÀÒÎР                                                             17

13. ÎÑÍÎÂÍÛÅ ÌÈÊÐÎÏÐÎÖÅÑÑÎÐÍÛÅ ÊÎÌÏËÅÊÒÛ                               18

14. ÒÈÏÎÂÀß ÑÒÐÓÊÒÓÐÀ ÎÁÐÀÁÀÒÛÂÀÞÙÅÉ ×ÀÑÒÈ ÌÏ                        21

15. ÌÈÊÐÎ ÝÂÌ ÍÀ ÁÀÇÅ ÌÏ Ê580                                                               22

16. ÔÎÐÌÀÒÛ ÊÎÌÀÍÄ È ÑÏÎÑÎÁÛ  ÀÄÐÅÑÀÖÈÈ                                    24

17. ÖÅÍÒÐÀËÜÍÛÉ ÏÐÎÖÅÑÑÎÐÍÛÉ ÝËÅÌÅÍÒ Ê580                                 26

18. ÑÈÑÒÅÌÀ ÑÁÎÐÀ ÄÀÍÍÛÕ ÍÀ ÁÀÇÅ ÌÏ Ê580                                       27

19. ÖÅÍÒÐÀËÜÍÛÉ ÏÐÎÖÅÑÑÎÐÍÛÉ ÝËÅÌÅÍÒ (ÖÏÝ) Ê589                      29

20. ÁËÎÊ ÌÈÊÐÎÏÐÎÃÐÀÌÌÍÎÃÎ ÓÏÐÀÂËÅÍÈß (ÁÌÓ).                             30

21. ÑÒÐÓÊÒÓÐÍÀß ÑÕÅÌÀ È ÏÐÈÍÖÈÏ ÄÅÉÑÒÂÈß ÁËÎÊÀ

   ÌÈÊÐÎÏÐÎÃÐÀÌÌÍÎÃÎ ÓÏÐÀÂËÅÍÈß (ÁÌÓ)                                          32

22. ÁËÎÊ ÏÐÈÎÐÈÒÅÒÍÎÃÎ ÏÐÅÐÛÂÀÍÈß (ÁÏÏ)                                        34

23. ÑÕÅÌÀ ÓÑÊÎÐÅÍÍÎÃÎ ÏÅÐÅÍÎÑÀ (ÑÓÏ)                                              35

24. ÑÕÅÌÀ ÎÄÍÎÐÀÇÐßÄÍÎÃÎ ÑÓÌÌÀÒÎÐÀ Ñ ÔÎÐÌÈÐÎÂÀÍÈÅÌ

   ÖÈÔÐÛ ÏÅÐÅÍÎÑÀ Â ÑÓÏ                                                                        36

25. ÎÐÃÀÍÈÇÀÖÈß ÏÀÌßÒÈ ÝÂÌ                                                                37

26. ÏÎÑÒÎßÍÍÛÅ ÇÀÏÎÌÈÍÀÞÙÈÅ ÓÑÒÐÎÉÑÒÂÀ (ÏÇÓ)                          39

27. ÂÍÅØÍÈÅ ÇÀÏÎÌÈÍÀÞÙÈÅ ÓÑÒÐÎÉÑÒÂÀ (ÂÇÓ)                                 40

   27.1 Ìåòîä çàïèñè áåç âîçâðàòà ê íóëþ                                                     41

   27.2 Ôàçîâàÿ ìîäóëÿöèÿ.                                                                           41

   27.3 ×àñòîòíàÿ ìîäóëÿöèÿ.                                                                        42

28. ÓÑÒÐÎÉÑÒÂÀ ÂÂÎÄÀ - ÂÛÂÎÄÀ ÈÍÔÎÐÌÀÖÈÈ                                   42

29. ÂÛÂÎÄ ÈÍÔÎÐÌÀÖÈÈ ÍÀ ÄÈÑÏËÅÉ                                                    43

30. ÂÛÂÎÄ ÈÍÔÎÐÌÀÖÈÈ ÍÀ ÒÅËÅÒÀÉÏ                                                    45

31. ÈÍÒÅÐÔÅÉÑ                                                                                           46

32. ÎÁÌÅÍ ÄÀÍÍÛÌÈ ÌÅÆÄÓ ÎÏÅÐÀÒÈÂÍÎÉ ÏÀÌßÒÜÞ È

   ÏÅÐÈÔÅÐÈÉÍÛÌÈ ÓÑÒÐÎÉÑÒÂÀÌÈ (ÏÓ)                                                48

33. ÎÁÌÅÍ ÄÀÍÍÛÌÈ ÏÎ ÏÐÅÐÛÂÀÍÈßÌ                                                  51

34. ÑÏÅÖÈÀËÈÇÈÐÎÂÀÍÍÛÅ ÓÑÒÐÎÉÑÒÂÀ ÈÍÒÅÐÔÅÉÑÀ. ÀÖÏ               53

35. ÀÖÏ Ñ ÎÁÐÀÒÍÎÉ ÑÂßÇÜÞ (ÎÑ)                                                           54

36. ÀÖÏ ÑËÅÄßÙÅÃÎ ÒÈÏÀ.                                                                        55

37. ÖÀÏ Ñ ÑÓÌÌÈÐÎÂÀÍÈÅÌ ÍÀÏÐßÆÅÍÈß ÍÀ ÎÏÅÐÀÖÈÎÍÍÎÌ

   ÓÑÈËÈÒÅËÅ (ÎÓ).                                                                                      55

38. ÏÐÈÌÅÍÅÍÈÅ ÌÈÊÐÎ ÝÂÌ Â ÑÈÑÒÅÌÀÕ ÀÂÒÎÌÀÒÈÇÈÐÎÂÀÍÍÎÃÎ

   ÓÏÐÀÂËÅÍÈß (ÑÀÓ)                                                                                  56

39. ÑÕÅÌÀ ÑÓÌÌÈÐÎÂÀÍÈß ÍÀÏÐßÆÅÍÈß ÍÀ ÀÒÒÅÍÞÀÒÎÐÅ

   ÑÎÏÐÎÒÈÂËÅÍÈÉ                                                                                     58

40. ÏÐÈÌÅÍÅÍÈÅ ÌÈÊÐÎ ÝÂÌ Â ÏÐÈÁÎÐÀÕ (ÑÏÅÊÒÐÎÔÎÒÎÌÅÒÐ)         58

41. ÏÐÎÃÐÀÌÌÍÎÅ ÎÁÅÑÏÅ×ÅÍÈÅ (ÏÎ) ÝÂÌ.                                            60

42. ÎÏÅÐÀÖÈÎÍÍÀß ÑÈÑÒÅÌÀ ÝÂÌ                                                           61

43. ÌÈÊÐÎÏÐÎÖÅÑÑÎÐÍÛÉ ÊÎÌÏËÅÊÒ Ê 1804.                                         62

44. ÀÑÑÅÌÁËÅÐ Ê580                                                                                   66

 

 

1. ÑÒÐÓÊÒÓÐÍÀß ÑÕÅÌÀ ÝÂÌ. ÏÎÊÎËÅÍÈß ÝÂÌ

 

Ñîçäàíî 4 ïîêîëåíèÿ ÝÂÌ:

         1. 1946 ã. ñîçäàíèå ìàøèíû ÝÍÈÀÊ íà ýëåêòðîííûõ ëàìïàõ.          Çàïîìèíàþùèå óñòðîéñòâà (ÇÓ) áûëè ïîñòðîåíû   íà  ýëåêòðîííûõ. ëàìïàõ,         ýëåêòðîííî - ëó÷åâûõ òðóáêàõ (ÝËÒ) è ëèíèÿõ çàäåðæêè.

         2. 60-å ãîäû. ÝÂÌ ïîñòðîåíû íà òðàíçèñòîðàõ, ÇÓ íà òðàíçèñòîðàõ, ëèíèÿõ     çàäåðæêè è ôåððèòîâûõ ñåðäå÷íèêàõ.

         3. 70-å ãîäû. ÝÂÌ ïîñòðîåíû íà èíòåãðàëüíûõ ìèêðîñõåìàõ (ÈÌÑ). ÇÓ íà        ÈÌÑ.

         4. Íà÷àëî ñîçäàâàòüñÿ ñ 1971 ã. ñ èçîáðåòåíèåì ìèêðîïðîöåññîðà (ÌÏ).         Ïîñòðîåíû íà îñíîâå áîëüøèõ èíòåãðàëüíûõ ñõåì (ÁÈÑ) è ñâåðõ ÁÈÑ   (ÑÁÈÑ).

         Ïÿòîå ïîêîëåíèå ÝÂÌ ñòðîèòñÿ ïî ïðèíöèïó ÷åëîâå÷åñêîãî ìîçãà, óïðàâëÿåòñÿ ãîëîñîì, èñïîëüçóåòñÿ íîâàÿ òåõíîëîãèÿ íà îñíîâå àðñåíèäà ãàëëèÿ.

ÝÂÌ ïðåäíàçíà÷åíû äëÿ îáðàáîòêè èíôîðìàöèè è îòîáðàæåíèÿ ðåçóëüòàòîâ îáðàáîòêè. Äëÿ ðåøåíèÿ çàäà÷è äîëæíà áûòü íàïèñàíà ïðîãðàììà.

         Âî âðåìÿ ðåøåíèÿ çàäà÷è ïðîãðàììà è îïåðàíäû (÷èñëà, íàä êîòîðûìè ïðîèçâîäèòñÿ îïåðàöèè) íàõîäÿòñÿ â îïåðàòèâíîé ïàìÿòè (ÎÇÓ). Áûñòðîäåéñòâèå ÎÇÓ ñîèçìåðèìî ñ áûñòðîäåéñòâèåì ÀËÓ.  ïðîöåññå ðåøåíèÿ çàäà÷è ÀËÓ ïîñòîÿííî âçàèìîäåéñòâóåò ñ ÎÇÓ, ïåðåäàâàÿ â ÎÇÓ ïðîìåæóòî÷íûå è êîíå÷íûå ðåçóëüòàòû è ïîëó÷àÿ èç ÎÇÓ îïåðàíäû äåéñòâèÿ âñåõ ÷àñòåé ÝÂÌ ïðè ðåøåíèè çàäà÷è îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ ïîä âîçäåéñòâèåì óïðàâëÿþùèõ ñèãíàëîâ, âûðàáàòûâàåìûõ óñòðîéñòâîì óïðàâëåíèÿ â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ ïðîãðàììîé, çàïèñàííîé â ÎÇÓ.

         ÏÇÓ ïðåäíàçíà÷åíî äëÿ õðàíåíèÿ ñòàíäàðòíûõ ïðîãðàìì, òàêèõ êàê sin è cos, êîíñòàíò , å.

         Ñóùåñòâóåò åùå ñâåðõ ÎÇÓ (ÑÎÇÓ), êîòîðîå îáëàäàåò ìàëûì îáúåìîì è âûñîêèì áûñòðîäåéñòâèåì. ÑÎÇÓ ïðèìåíÿåòñÿ äëÿ êðàòêîâðåìåííîãî õðàíåíèÿ îïåðàíäîâ è ïðîìåæóòî÷íûõ ðåçóëüòàòîâ.

         Êà÷åñòâî ÝÂÌ îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ: îáúåìîì ÎÇÓ (ò.å. êîëè÷åñòâîì îäíîâðåìåííî  õðàíèìûõ â ÎÇÓ äâîè÷íûõ ñëîâ); áûñòðîäåéñòâèåì, îïðåäåëÿåìûì êîëè÷åñòâîì îïåðàöèé â ñåê. Ïîñëå âûïîëíåíèÿ çàäà÷è, ïðîãðàììà è ðåçóëüòàòû ÷åðåç óñòðîéñòâî âûâîäà çàïèñûâàþòñÿ âî âíåøíåå ÇÓ.  êà÷åñòâå âíåøíèõ ÇÓ èñïîëüçóþòñÿ ìàãíèòíàÿ ëåíòà, ãèáêèé ìàãíèòíûé äèñê, ìàãíèòíûé áàðàáàí, ïåðôîëåíòà, ïåðôîêàðòû. Ïðîãðàììà ââîäèòñÿ â ÎÇÓ ñ âíåøíèõ ÇÓ èëè ñ êëàâèàòóðû ÷åðåç óñòðîéñòâî ââîäà.

 

2. ÑÈÑÒÅÌÛ Ñ×ÈÑËÅÍÈß.

 

         Îñíîâàíèåì ñèñòåìû ñ÷èñëåíèÿ íàçûâàþò. ÷èñëî, â âèäå ñòåïåíåé êîòîðîãî ìîæåò áûòü çàïèñàíî ëþáîå ÷èñëî â äàííîé ñèñòåìå ñ÷èñëåíèÿ. Ñèñòåìû ñ÷èñëåíèÿ, ïðèìåíÿåìûå â ÝÂÌ, îðèåíòèðîâàíû íà äâîè÷íóþ ñèñòåìó, ò.ê. îñíîâîé ÝÂÌ ÿâëÿåòñÿ òðèããåð, èìåþùèé äâà óñòîé÷èâûõ ñîñòîÿíèÿ.

          äåñÿòè÷íîé ñèñòåìå ñ÷èñëåíèÿ îñíîâàíèåì ÿâëÿåòñÿ. 10 è äëÿ çàïèñè ÷èñåë èñïîëüçóþò ñèìâîëû 0...9. äâîè÷íîé ñèñòåìå îñíîâàíèåì ÿâëÿåòñÿ. 2. Äëÿ çàïèñè ÷èñåë èñïîëüçóþòñÿ ñèìâîëû 0 è 1.

         Äëÿ ïåðåâîäà ÷èñëà èç äåñÿòè÷íîé ñèñòåìû â äâîè÷íóþ íàäî ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíî äåëèòü íà äâà è ðåçóëüòàò çàïèñûâàòü ñïðàâà íàëåâî, íà÷èíàÿ ñ ïîñëåäíåãî ÷àñòíîãî, âêëþ÷àÿ îñòàòêè îò äåëåíèÿ.

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